Total Quality Management in Abu Dhabi University

ISO 8402 defines quality as â€Å"the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs† Basically, â€Å"quality is satisfying customers need both present and future† (Charantimath, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Total Quality Management in Abu Dhabi University specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Quality captures a product’s fitness for use, ability to distinguish feature or grade of the product in appearance, performance among others, degree to which a specific product is preferred over competing products of equivalent grade, degree of general excellence and finally it is concerned with how well a product conforms to design and other specifications (Charantimath, 2006). For a company’s product or service to be competitive, then all these attributes have to be preserved and enhanced from time to time. Tota l quality management is the process which managers use to continuously identify and administer the activities needed to achieve the quality objectives of an organization with an aim of offering high value products and services. Reasons why Abu Dhabi University implemented ISO system ADU quality policy states that â€Å"it is committed to providing quality degree programs to its students. Focusing on the needs of students, it engages in a process of continuous improvement grounded in evidence-based assessment of students leaning and satisfaction with their Abu Dhabi University experience† (Abu Dhabi University, 2011). ISO system was adapted to aid in executing this policy. An interview with Mr. Stephen Deunch’a (Quality Officer Assurance) revealed that implementation of ISO facilitated establishing processes and procedures in all department of the University. Secondly, it improved effectiveness of the processes and quality services. Finally, it introduced commitment to continuous improvements of quality. Timeline of the whole project The process of acquiring ISO certification is lengthy and requires a lot of company’s time and resources. There are five major steps for obtaining ISO certification. ADU began the process in December 2008 and completed in January 2010. The process involved documentation of procedures, documentation of quality manual and policies, revision and approval, Internal Auditing and semiannual management reviews. Impact of acquiring ISO certification Standards are important to stakeholders of an organization as they ensure positive characteristics such as quality, durability, efficiency, safety and environment friendliness are reinforced. For instances, all the employees of ADU have a universal understanding of procedures of various processes. Also, the University will direct resources in processes which are internationally standardized hence minimizing wastage. ISO also benefits the community at large because there int erests are catered for and so it builds their confidence in the products.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More ADU’s Vision, Mission and Values ADU’s Vision 2013: â€Å"Abu Dhabi University is recognized as a national University of choice for quality education, applied research that drives regional economic development, and enjoy international accreditation† (Abu Dhabi University, 2011) ADU’s Mission â€Å"The Mission of ADU is to offer highly rewarded career oriented undergraduate and postgraduate degree programs aligned with the needs of UAE and the region through excellence in teaching, student learning, faculty scholarships and engagmnet in community development† (Abu Dhabi University, 2011) ADU’s Culture and Shared Values â€Å"ADU’s community is student-centered, commited to faculty/staff development and prides itself in col legiality, inclusiveness while respectful of Arab culture, integrity, equity, innovation, agility and service above self† (Abu Dhabi University, 2011) Office responsible for implementing ISO Execution of ISO standards is the responsibility of every employee. However, the Executive Director of Quality Institutional Research and strategy Departement has the primary responsibility of implementing ISO 9001:2008. Assurance Unit has been asigned the responsibility of implementation of ISO system. The Provost is responsible for achieving and maintaining internationa institutional accredation while the Dean of each college has the primary responsibility for achieving and mainintg individual program international accreditations for all programs in their college where such accreditations exist (Abu Dhabi University, 2011). Next Steps Currently, the Univeristy has implemented Balances Scorecards to be used for performance assessment of all managers. The University should extend measuring for all core processes, it should consider self measurement because scorecards is a perfomance measurement system that only track programs which lead to achieving strategis plan. It does not assess an individuals contributions towards achiving the strategic goals. References Abu Dhabi University. (2011, November 30). Vision and Beyond. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Total Quality Management in Abu Dhabi University specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Charantimath P. (2006). Introduction to total quality management: Total Quality Management, (3), 1-3. This essay on Total Quality Management in Abu Dhabi University was written and submitted by user Joaquin G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Something that you have to know if you are planning to move to Puerto Cortes (Honduras)

Something that you have to know if you are planning to move to Puerto Cortes (Honduras) Free Online Research Papers Puerto Cortes is a small city, but despite its smallness has many interesting things to offer to the tourists and to the people who live here. You will always have something to do. It is a nice place to live and also there are some situations that you most take into consideration, but Puerto Cortes is and will be one of the nicest places in Honduras. Living in Puerto Cortes you will always have something to do, and places where you will find joy and relax, also you do not have to worry about the traffic jams, due its smallness everything is near and you do not have to travel long distances to go from a place to another. Although there are a lot of mosquitoes due the wetness of the air and the swamps in some areas but this is something that you will fix easily with a repellent, also you have to be prepared because it rains frequently, but I am almost sure that this is something that you will overcome easily, besides this Puerto Cortes is a city in which you will find fun and relax, and you will never be bored. In Puerto Cortes you will find many interesting and funny things to do every day and especially in the summer season. During weekends you can visit the beautiful Cathedral, the central Park that is considered one of the most beautiful of the country, located in the downtown area it is a place to have fun with your family or friends, also you can go to the theatre, eat food at restaurants or food stand in which you can find good food and entertainment. I addition there are many beaches and other places to have fun nearby the beaches. Following the east along the shores of the Caribbean, you will arrive at the Garifuna communities of Travesia and Bajamar. These two are some of the most important Garifuna communities in the country, and reflect the interesting live culture of this people. Every year, a Garifuna dance festival is held in Bajamar. Besides the beaches there are now a variety of adventure mountain bicycle tours available in Puerto Cortes. Right before arriving to the community of Travesia you will find the hotel and restaurant Fronteras del caribe (probably the best food establishment in this part of the beach), it is located on the beach under some exuberant Coconut trees that will entice you to set up a hammock and relax under the cool tropical trade winds! If the weather is hot and you do not have any money to spend in restaurants you have the beaches near your neighbourhood, so you can go there to have relax under the coconut trees along or with your family and friends. Research Papers on Something that you have to know if you are planning to move to Puerto Cortes (Honduras)Lifes What IfsThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Spring and Autumn19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeWhere Wild and West MeetInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice

Choose from one of the subjects in the attachment Term Paper

Choose from one of the subjects in the attachment - Term Paper Example Hypothetically this underground economy could be broken down into five significant parts. (Phongpaichit). 1. Exercises which are illicit, for example, drug trafficking, smuggling, unlawful logging, exchanging of moderated types of plants and creatures, trafficking in people, and exercises, for example, prostitution and betting where they are banned by law. (Phongpaichit) 4. Casual sector exercises, for example, distributing, independent work, cool work and family commercial enterprises which are not caught in the authority detail and are frequently not secured by taxation. (Phongpaichit) 5. Family unit work completed by relatives, however excluded in the worth included of the economy, for example, the consideration of the wiped out and matured, and numerous family unit errands which are paramount to the prosperity of family parts. (Phongpaichit) Different endeavours have been made to survey the span of these sectors in diverse nations. Case in point, the aggregate of tax evasion and the private sector has been evaluated at 15 percent of GNP in UK, 27 percent in Germany and the USA, and just about 60 percent in Thailand. (Phongpaichit). The family sector (5) has been evaluated at 37 percent of GNP in the USA, and 49 percent in India. (Phongpaichit). Corruption income produced by officials and legislators has been assessed at around 1 percent of GDP in Thailand in the period 1960-73. (Phongpaichit) Among evaluations of the illicit or criminal sector (1), the generation and exchanging of ganja was evaluated to be 3-6 percent of GNP in Columbia in the period 1981-1984. (Phongpaichit). In the U.S.A. the quality included from the unlawful drug exchange, illicit betting and prostitution represented 2.7 percent of the aggregate private sectors use. (Phongpaichit) There is something else entirely to matters in profit making than dollars and

Ethical Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Ethical Behavior - Essay Example This is especially so by being the origin of all the wrong doings of all the rest. By following the logic of wrong doings, the moment one puts another individual in a position that compromises his or her beliefs morally and logically, one turn into the evil person. This is as is the case with the creation story, in which the tempter was the devil asking Eve to participate in wrongdoing (John, 2010). Therefore, in tempting his friends and acquaintances for exam papers, she is the most unethical person. This is despite the comments given by the acquaintances, which appear to be measures at stopping her from cheating in the exam, especially with Biff. The real deal comes with Rex who shows complete corruption of morality by both lying and extorting money from Babbs, which still appears as a creation of Babbs. However, it appears that Rex’s source of unethical behavior is his greed and innate desire to deceive, or offer punishment to Babbs for not taking her time to do that which is required of her, attend lessons and submit her own work on ethics. On the other hand, the professor’s lack of ethics is not dependent on Babb’s behavior on the exam but is based on his own bias. In relation to this, the professor is expected to be an individual of high moral standing, where they observe honesty, fairness and pay attention to cheating students, as well as respect their position in power (Friedman et al, 2005). However, professor Wind plenty only portrays his ethics with a bias by punishing Babbs appropriately and sparing another who cheats right before his eyes. This shows his lack of ethics as the concept of right and wrong is not based on relativity, but rather on black and white truth and untruth. Therefore, the professor offers partial justice by letting the student with disability go but still punishes Babbs. This is an extreme case of lack of ethics on the professors side, as it shows how easily swayed he is by explanation or reasons he

Earnnings management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Earnnings management - Essay Example earnings management plays a crucial role in determining the share prices of a listed company and also impact the direct allocation of resources buy the company in the capital markets. This paper is written with the aim of researching on the earnings management and reporting techniques, focusing on the big bath technique of earnings management. The main objective of the report is to understand the process of earnings management, especially the big bath technique of earnings management which is commonly used by companies and their managers to manipulate the reporting of the earning of the company. Earnings management is an important aspect of the financial management of any company. Earnings being crucial elements of the financial statements of a business, the evaluation and management of different types of earning are done by the management of any firm to ensure that the stock prices of the business remains high in the capital markets. There are many techniques that are traditionally a contemporarily applied for the management, manipulation and accounting of earnings in the financial statement publication of an enterprise. The study of the topic of earnings management and the much debated technique of earnings management and manipulation which is the big bath technique is critical in the contemporary corporate world. The management of earnings can have key influences on the political and regulatory structures of a country, the economic systems and prospects in the country and can also alter the functioning of industries as well as the investor groups of the business. Additionally, it may lead to crisis situations like financial downturns, extended low periods in the economic and business cycles and can also threaten the interests of the stakeholder groups of a business1. The use of manipulative techniques in earnings management can play a key role in misleading the investors and analysts in relation to the determination of the investment profile and investment

Effects of Meditation on Cerebral Activity

Effects of Meditation on Cerebral Activity Doris L. Scheer Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania conducted the first functional neuroimaging study to demonstrate changes in cerebral activity during glossolalia (A.B. Newberg et al., 2006). It’s not difficult to find research on Buddhist practices such as meditation but few researchers have conducted studies on Christian practices such as glossolalia. In fact, this was the first time that researchers took brain images during this phenomenon. Glossolalia is a spiritual practice or a worship expression that is referred to as speaking or praying in tongues. This mental state induces a spiritual experience in which incomprehensible language is produced without control. It is known that the frontal lobes are involved in willful control of behaviors (Frith et al., 1991; Pardo et al., 1991). Therefore, it was hypothesized that glossolalia, associated with the perceived loss of intentional control, would be associated with decreased activity in the frontal lobes compared with singing. T he SPECT technique used in this study measures regional cerebral blood flow that correlates closely with cerebral activity (Newberg et al., 2006). CBF ratios were compared between the glossolalia and singing state using a paired t-test (Minitab Statistical Software, 2000). Several significant rCBF differences were found, and the brain images taken while speaking in tongues showed minimal activity in both the frontal lobes and language centers of the brain. This discovery leads us to question how they were even capable of producing this behavior. The Old and New Testaments of the bible says that this ability comes from the holy spirit—our means of communicating with god, but how these women were able to speak without using the region of the brain that controls speaking is a mystery that neuroscience is trying to uncover. The research design involved a nonexperimental method in which relationships are studied by making observations or measures of the variables of interest. This may be done by asking people to describe their behavior, directly observing behavior, and/or recording physiological responses. In all these cases, variables are observed as they occur naturally (p. 77, P.C. Cozby and S.C. Bates, 2012). In this study, cerebral activity during glossolalia and singing were compared by measuring the cerebral blood flow ratios between each state by using a paired t-test. Because the nonexperimental method allows us to observe covariation between variables, another term that is frequently used to describe this procedure is the correlational method. With this method, researchers examine whether the variables correlate or vary together (p. 78, Cozby and Bates, 2012). The laboratory experiment setting permits researchers to more easily keep extraneous variables constant, thereby eliminating their influ ence on the outcome of the experiment (e.g. distractions). However, it is precisely this control that leads to the artificiality of the laboratory investigation (rather than their natural setting such as church or home). Fortunately, when researchers have conducted experiments in both lab and field settings, the results of the experiments have been very similar (Anderson, Lindsay, Bushman, 1999). This is reassuring. For this study, researchers at the University of Pennsylvania recruited five Christian women between the ages of 38 and 52 years old who had been speaking in tongues for at least five years. In the Philadelphia community of Pennsylvania both men and women perform glossolalia but the number of women who practice glossolalia is substantially higher. The researchers also reported difficulty in finding experienced practitioners willing to perform glossolalia in a laboratory setting. Andrew B. Newberg et al. (2006) explains that while this complicates the statistical analysis, the number of subjects was sufficient to reveal statistically significant results (p. 70). First, they obtained informed consent which was approved by the Institutional Review Board and then conducted structured clinical interviews. After ruling out any psychological disorders, neurological or medical conditions, or medications that would affect cerebral function, subjects were given a pregnancy test before placing an intravenous cannula (IV) in one arm. In order for the participants to move freely during singing and glossolalia, they made sure to use a long IV line. In addition, researchers observed all subjects to ensure that both singing and glossolalia conditions were as similar as possible in terms of patient vocalization and motion. Subjects reported that the glossolalia was perceived to be non-voluntary. Throughout both conditions, the subjects were standing while moving both their arms and legs in a similar rhythmic manner. Consequently, no significant changes were observed in the motor cortex; however, the phonemic structure was different between the two condition s. After the first five minutes of singing, subjects were injected through the IV with 7 mCi of 99mTc-Bicisate, and then brought to the SPECT scanner for a 40-min scan after a total of 20 minutes singing altogether. Next, subjects returned to the same room to perform glossolalia for 20 minutes and then scanned for 30 minutes using the same imaging parameters. After the first five minutes performing glossolalia, the subjects had also been unobtrusively injected with 25 mCi of 99mTc-ECD fifteen minutes before the scan. The results were hypothesis driven so comparisons were only tested for the major structures of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes, as well as the amygdala, hippocampus, striatum, and thalamus (also referred to as regions of interest [ROIs] throughout the study). Results indicated that the data between the glossolalia and singing state revealed several significant rCBF differences (cerebral blood flow ratios). Researchers also reported significant decreases in the prefrontal cortices, left caudate and left temporal pole while there were increases in the left superior parietal lobe (SPL) and right amygdala (A.B. Newberg et al., 2006). A percentage change in CBF ratios had been calculated for each region and a laterality index (LI) representing the percentage difference between the right and left side was also calculated revealing a significant negative correlation (R=-0.90, P=0.03) between the singing and glossolalia thalamic LI. According to A.B. Newberg et al. (2006) this indi cated that the more the thalamic activity was asymmetric to begin with, the more the asymmetry reversed during glossolalia (p. 69). The author’s interpretation of the results suggests that this preliminary study has begun to elucidate the neurophysiological correlates of glossolalia. Changes in several brain structures suggest that there is complex brain activity during this unusual practice (p. 70, A.B. Newberg et al., 2006). According to the author, the present study is the first that they are aware of that has evaluated changes in cerebral activity during the practice of glossolalia. In regards to their hypotheses, they observed decreased activity in the prefrontal cortices during the glossolalia state (p. 70). This finding was clearly distinct from their previous study of meditation using the same imaging technique (Newberg et al., 2001). Neuroimaging studies have also shown increased frontal lobe activity during attention-focusing tasks (Frith et al., 1991; Pardo et al., 1991). The author found it interesting that the frontal lobes showed decreased perfusion during glossolalia which was consistent wit h the subject’s description of a lack of intentional control over the performance of glossolalia (A.B. Newberg et al., 2006). Furthermore, the left hemispheric structures appeared to have significant decreases that were not observed in the right hemisphere and the lack of a clear lateralization in the frontal lobes suggests that the expressive language parts of the brain may not be as directly affected by glossolalia as might be expected (p. 70, Newberg et al., 2006). The author had previously argued, and found, decreased activity in the SPL during meditation in which there is a described loss of the sense of self, however, glossolalia was not associated with a loss of the sense of self and there were no significant decreases in the SPL (p. 70). The author’s interpretation of the significant decrease in the left caudate is of uncertain significance but suggested that it may relate to the altered emotional activity during glossolalia (A.B. Newberg et al., 2006). Several implications for further research were provided based on potential confounding problems within the study. Although the author claimed that the number of subjects was sufficient to reveal statistically significant results, I think caution should be used when generalizing results with a sample size less than 30 (in this case, 5). In addition, all female subjects were recruited from the same local community. A researcher more interested in the external validity of the research might conduct nonexperimental research with a more diverse population and this study had a highly restricted sample (p. 86, P.C. Cozby and S.C. Bates, 2012). There are many advantages of the experimental method for studying relationships between variables but there are also disadvantages to experiments and many good reasons for using methods other than experiments; so, although laboratory experiments often have strong internal validity, they may often have limited external validity (Cozby and Bates, 2012). In addition, glossolalia was performed in a laboratory setting rather than a natural environment such as a home o r church where a field experiment might yield different results. Being in a more spiritually inductive environment may potentially deepen their ability to further immense themselves into an even deeper glossolalia state. Perhaps a more natural environment and longer session would alter the brain activity that was originally recorded in this study. It would also be interesting to study whether younger or older subjects would be capable of performing glossolalia with the same results found in this study of middle to upper aged women between 38 and 52 years old. The inclusion of male subjects who practice glossolalia as well as a more culturally diverse sample would also increase the external validity of the research. Previously, I briefly mentioned how laboratory experiments often have strong internal validity. What I was pleased to read in the study was how all subjects were observed to ensure that the two conditions (both singling and glossolalia) were as similar as possible (p. 68, A.B. Newberg et al., 2006). Subjects began by singing in the room, while standing, with her eyes closed, matching her condition during glossolalia. The same music was also used for both conditions. I think these were important things to take into consideration. To rule out any other variables, subjects were also tested for mental disorders, substance abuse, neurological and medical conditions, or if they take medications that would affect cerebral function prior to the study. Further evaluation of the quality of this study revealed that this study was in fact reported in a peer-reviewed journal (Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 2006, Vol. 148(1), pp.67-71 [Peer Reviewed Journal]). The practice of glossolalia is di scussed in both the Old and New Testaments of the bible which has outlived every critic since the beginning of time yet it’s still common for religious studies to receive a lot of criticism. It was originally thought that glossolalia was related to some form of psychopathology; however, the limited number of reported studies have suggested that people who speak in tongues show no differences in personality traits from other population groups—no increases in depression, anxiety, mania, or psychosis (Hine, 1969; Richardson, 1973). In fact, a recent study of nearly a thousand clergy members revealed that 80% who practiced glossolalia had greater emotional stability and less neuroticism (Francis and Robbins, 2003). Perhaps the practice of glossolalia actually increased their emotional stability and decreased neuroticism. Clearly causation could not be inferred but if further research could address the limitations I discussed in the previous paragraph, there could be powerf ul implications. Therefore, based on my assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of this study I think it is very important. The results of this study revealed that the part of our brain that is used for speaking was not activated while speaking in tongues. This suggests that the ability to speak in tongues comes from something else deep within us, confirming what the bible teaches about this spiritual gift called glossolalia. The news story did a fairly good job conveying the substance of the empirical study. It reported a brief yet accurate description of the sample, procedure, and results of the study. As I’ve mentioned previously, Buddhist practices such as meditation has recently become a popular research interest but Christian practices such as glossolalia have not been given quite as much attention so it was interesting to see comparisons being made in both the study and news story. The author of the news story shined light on this subject by emphasizing how the new findings contrasted sharply with images taken of other spiritually inspired mental states like meditation, which is often a highly focused mental exercise, activating the frontal lobes (Carey, 2006). I would say that more details could have been incorporated into the news story but a link to the actual study was provided for those who were curious enough to dig a little deeper. The story basically just hit the important aspects of the study and major findings. Furthermore, there was a good match between the strengths of the study and the way that the story was reported. It was interesting how the author of the news story incorporated important insights from the leader of the study team that I did not recall reading in the study. For instance, â€Å"the amazing thing was how the images supported people’s interpretation of what was happening,† said Dr. Andrew B. Newberg, leader of the study team, which included Donna Morgan, Nancy Wintering and Mark Waldman. â€Å"The way they describe it, and what they believe, is that God is talking through them,† he said. Dr. Newberg is also a co-author of â€Å"Why We Believe What We Believe.† And Ms. Morgan, a co-author of the study, was also a research subject (Carey, 2006). This was information I did not gather from the study alone so I assume that interviews must have been conducted and incorporated into the news story which adds a lot of in sight useful in evaluating the research in its entirety. Some of the findings that might have been underemphasized included results from some of the four hypotheses that may not be considered significant enough to emphasize in the media report. For example, one finding underemphasized in the news story was that the researchers did not observe the hypothesized increase in thalamic activity and it was not clear what such a finding may represent from a physiological perspective (p. 70, A.B. Newberg et al., 2006). Again, I think the reporter made this particular choice because it didn’t necessarily support or impact the main point. References Carey, B. (2006, November 7). A neuroscientific look at speaking in tongues. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/07/health/07brain.html?_r=0 Cozby, P.C., Bates, S.C. (2012). Methods in behavioral research (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Newberg, A.B., Wintering, N.A., Morgan, D., Waldman, M.R. (2006). The measurement of regional cerebral blood flow during glossolalia: a preliminary SPECT study. Psychiatry Research. Neuroimaging 148 (1), 67-71.

Colonization and the Black Mans Struggle Essay -- A Level Essays

Colonization and the Black Man's Struggle Slavery was one of the most horrific and in human acts ever instilled on a race of people ever in our world's history. People were stolen from their homelands, broken apart from their families, and were thrust into a lifestyle that inhibited their every move and instilled harsh punishments on them. It is almost impossible for many of us to comprehend the mindsets that these slave owners possessed, but history paints a truly horrific and emotional picture for us all to see. In speaking about slavery many quickly think of the African struggle under the possession of the whites, but slavery is not nearly as recent an occurrence as 1492 when Columbus reached the New World. For thousands of years slaves have been used for means of menial labor and the general dirty work of the more wealthy proprietors. Slaves were used in the creation of the pyramids in Egypt, work on Mayan temples in South America, and even used by the Mongols in northern Asia as a part of the Mongolian fighting machine. The enslavement of the Africans, however, created a legacy of oppression and tyranny that carried on much longer after the abolition of the systems. The reason for this is that African slaves were not looked upon as humans at all, but as a commodity that could be abused and sold purely for the purpose of making a profit. In most other instances of slavery throughout history motives like religion and love for a king drove the souls of the men and women laborers. This is the major striking difference between the Africans enslaved by the white man from the early fifteen hundreds until today. Although today slavery is abolished in all of Europe and America the people of Africa are still in a sense enslaved by... ... domination over others. Bibliography Barrett, E. Leonard. (1997). The Rastafarians. Boston: Beacon Press. Bridges, George. (1828). The Annals of Jamaica. London: Frank Cass and Company Limited. Carley, Mary. (1963). Jamaica: Old and the New. New York: Fredrick A. Praeger Publishing. Floyd, Berry. (1979). Jamaica- an Island Microcosm. New York: Saint Peters Press. Gardner, W. J. (1873). A History of Jamaica. London: Frank Cass and Company Limited. Green, Cencilia. (1997). Historical Roots of Modern Caribbean Politics. Against the Current. Vol. 12, (4), 34-38. Hart, Richard. (1999). Towards Decolonisation: Political, Labour, and Economic Development in Jamaica. Kingston: Canoe Press. Manley, Michael. (1975). A Voice at the Workplace. Washington D. C.: Howard University Press. Verrill, A. Hyatt. (1931). Jamaica of Today. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company.

Organizational Culture Essay

Since there are so many other competitors suddenly appear on the horizon, and Samsung have to create a lot of new creativity to face all the compete, they have to create their new organization culture. The new theme of corporate culture is â€Å"Creative†, to building a creative corporate culture, Samsung have to set a few characteristics to put into practice. Based on the research, Samsung adopting a program which is â€Å"Flexible Time† tp maximize employee creativity and another program is monitoring â€Å"Over-time Work† to help improve life quality o employees in year 2008. The material that issues regarding â€Å"Building a Creative Corporate Culture† was identified as : Samsung also promoting a creative organizational culture using some organization behavior concepts which are: * Encouraging Suggestions for Work Process Improvement Samsung Electronics implements various programs to support employees’ suggestions so that ideas can bear fruit. They offer incentives for the filing of patents, provide a knowledge management system to share expertise and knowledge amongst employees, and support community activities. They also offer incentives for idea suggestions to encourage their employees to proactively participate in knowledge sharing within Samsung Electronics. As a result, a total of 3,515 patents were filed in the U.S. in 2008. * Adopting a Flexible Time program Samsung Electronics adopted a â€Å"Flexible Time† test program in 2008 in selected business divisions to maximize the creativity of its employees. This test was the expression of their determination to shift from a time management-based corporate culture to a creativity-oriented corporate culture. Under the program, employees are empowered to flexibly manage their office hours as long as they work a total of eight hours each day. If this test proves successful, Samsung will expand the program to a company-wide level. * Work-Life Balance Because social norms have changed, an increasing number of female workers are participating in economic activities and retaining high potential employees has become the key to successful business operations. Happiness has become the overarching value of employees’ quality life, giving rise to greater social interest in balancing work and life. Therefore, Samsung Electronics also supports and encourages the employees to balance their work and life. In case anyone works overtime, their supervisor and the employee are notified to insure they comply with the legal overtime work requirements. For the creativity of the employees, Samsung Electronics also provides vacations for self-management and other vacation programs including family theme tour packages. * Welfare Programs Samsung Electronics shares and cares about its employees’ concerns over their health, children’s education and post-retirement life and helps them prepare for their future in order to enhance employee satisfaction and provide better working environments. In addition to the basic legal welfare programs such as premium subsidies for National Pension, Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance and Employment Insurance, they also provide medical subsidies, a corporate pension program, work-out facilities and condominium rental services. Samsung Electronics believe that a creative corporate culture grows out of the technological search for innovation and its application. , researchers inherently looked for â€Å"innovative† ideas and technologies. A number of failures and prejudices from the trials and errors of the development process were the largest obstacles in putting â€Å"innovative† ideas into practice. This barrier can be broken down to build stronger assurances through a number of verifications and databases. Nevertheless, these procedures can sometimes result in a waste of time. I think Samsung Electronics need to reduce the waste with more open-minded thoughts and perspectives. With an aim to realize a â€Å"Great Work Place (GWP),† Samsung Electronics has analyzed its corporate culture by utilizing the confidence index of âÅ'Å"The 100 Best Companies to Work For by Fortune Magazine since 1998. In 2007, Samsung concluded a global contract with the â€Å"Great Place To Work (GPTW)† of the U.S. for a confidence index survey of their domestic and overseas workforces, which contribute to building a corporate culture that fits their global stature. Based on the GWP analysis results, each division and department prepare and implement improvement plans to build a GWP by filling the gaps in the five survey categories which are of trust, respect, fairness, pride and solidarity. Also, 400 GWP officers supervise and implement corporate culture improvement activities at each workplace.

The involvement of Northern NGOs with the developing countries

In this research paper we look at the involvement of Northern NGOs with the developing countries. They are prime donors of most developing countries programs which are geared towards alleviating the welfare of the masses such as improve health and living condition.Local NGOs have been involved as intermediaries between government and the people.The northern NGOs serve their specific agenda and mandate contrary to what the poor rural urban expect.NORTHERN NGOSNorthern NGOs represented international organizations who are donors to developing countries that are are donors such as World Bank and private agencies. Their relation with the south makes it the subject of this research paper. The relationship with governments and nongovernmental organization with them plays a critical role in understanding their mandates and objectives in helping the population in the rural and urban regions.The urban and rural populace has diverse needs ranging from health, unemployment, education, poverty an d access to other services. In this respect governments have been unable to provide these services to their community in an effective and wider coverage manner. For instance, in South Africa, 30 % of the population are unemployed and for the 20% of the poorest households, 53% ere unemployed (Adato & Haddad 2001, p.1).It is also reported that there is need for job creation in all regions inhabited by the poorest households i.e. urban, metropolitan and rural. Based on these facts the governments of countries in the developing world have focused their programs to alleviate these problems e.g. the welfare of the masses, improve living condition, health and service provision (Li 2005).The programs have achieved different success margins and limitations. Most of government programs are constrained in reaching the people because of bureaucracy, authoritarian rule and high cost of implementation. Since most of the programs are financed by international community (Northern NGOs) and governme nts.For instance, in Indonesia the World Bank has developed social development programs to help them achieve their mandate and objectives. In order to do these, they have used analysis of the needs of the regions to come up with the plan. Due to constraints in working with the government directly they have supported and strengthened the local NGOs and civil society organizations (CSOs) to advance their objectives (Li 2005).The rationale use includes improving transparency in village planning level, conflict resolution and step sponsorship of NGOs. However NGOs have their own limitations such as the leaders use as a vehicle for reformation of social and political life. The World Bank has used neo-liberal system to ensure ‘good governance’ by instituting a competitive process based on administrative and decentralized structures (Li 2005).More so in order for the region to be eligible for support from World Bank it had to proof that it is pro-poor and is supervised by the World Bank team. According to Arya (1999) he explains the role in which NGOs have worked with their government under the funding of donors (government agencies, private agencies and governments). The common objectives for the collaboration include; access to technical resources, gain legitimacy or recognition from the people, obtain appropriate solution and developmental problems, enhance people’s participation and provide   better accountability, transparency and public reform system (Arya   1999).Donors view NGOs as intermediaries or transitory to government links to people and use them to as instruments of improved service delivery and outreach to the government. The donors see their task as completed when NGOs are involved in the project programs with the government. Most private donors do not support or supervise the selection criterion even when there is resistance from the government. However, they can play a key role in establishing mechanism to bring NGOs so that they have a beneficial effect on service delivery, participation and decentralization (Arya 1999).Northern NGOs for the past decade have increased funding to southern NGOs with due to limitation effectiveness of delivery, reforms, cost efficiency, sustainability and participation from the government. DeGabriele (2002), when studying about improvement of community based management projects. He previewed the World Health Organization commitment to provide access to safe and clean water.But from the experiences gathered two challenges emerged; water accessibility could not be achieved with the rate of population growth and the intended improvements to health were not realized within 1980 – 1990 decade. This becomes the redefinition of the concept of community management within water sector. It was realized that water accessibility could only be achieved with participatory role implemented (DeGabriele 2002).AED (1998) elaborates on the participatory approach used to i.e. the par ticipatory learning and Action approach which involves communities to analyze their needs, identify possible solutions and develop, implement and evaluate the plan of action. In contrast NGOs can have negative implication to the poor because they can use them to legitimize their existence, solicit funds and raise their profile for the disadvantage of the poor. Changes in their positive attitude will go way to bring positive results (AED 1998, Kaiser 2000, p. 6).CONCLUSIONNorthern NGOs play critical role in financing development programs to developing countries. They have been involved directly or indirectly with government depending on the nature and intensity of the resources used and the origin of the donor. Most private agencies finance the local NGOs who are viewed as intermediaries or transitory link between the government and people. The donors have used them to enhance their agenda and mandate to ensure good governance of project- programs they agree with the government.REFER ENCEAdato, M.; Haddad, L, 2001, Poverty targets, community-based public works programs: a cross-disciplinary assessment in South Africa, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Available from: http://www.ifpri.org/divs/fcnd/dp/papers/fcndp121.pdf> [8 April 2008]AED, 1998, Empowering communities: participatory techniques for community-based programme development, Academy for Educational Development, Washington DC, Available from: [8April 2008]Arya, V, 1999, Towards a relationship of significance: lessons from a decade ofcollaboration between government and NGOs in Rajasthan, India,   Agricultural Research and Extension Network (AgREN), Available from: [8April 2008]DeGabriele, J, 2002, Improving community based management of boreholes† a case study from Malawi Land Tenure Centre, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Available from [8April 2008]Kaiser, T, 2000, Participatory & beneficiary-based approaches in evaluation ofhumanitarian programmes, Evaluation and Polic y Analysis Unit (EPAU), UNHCR, Available from :< http://www.unhcr.org/research/RESEARCH/3c7527f91.pdf> [8April 2008]Li, T, 2005, The government through community; the World Bank in Indonesia, University of Toronto, Available from: [8April 2008]

buy custom Personalized Medicine †a Window to a Better Medical Future essay

buy custom Personalized Medicine – a Window to a Better Medical Future essay The medical world has been a domain that has always strived to reach perfection but never managed to. Over the past centuries, medical experts have struggled to research and discover ways in which they could improve the medical approach of different diseases. All this time, the numerous studies have been based on studies of big cohorts, the purpose of which was to determine which medical models were best and which were better off forgotten. Recently, the medical experts believe that they have struck gold when it comes to diagnosing and treating diseases. For some time now, they have toggled with the idea of personalized medicine which is a medical model that concerns with the high customization of the healthcare process. In a famous medical magazine called Vanderbilt Medicine, Bill Snyder has conducted a prolonged research on the subject of personalized medicine and how it will affect the medical approach of the future. According to Snyder, the entire concept of personalized medicine was thought to be unreal, mainly because the fact that every patient could have a customized medical treatment was very improbable. Furthermore, Snyder has interviewed Dan Roden, the assistant vice chancellor for the entire project of personalized medicine. In the experts opinion, personalized medicine is no longer an unreachable matter, but rather something of mundane importance. (Snyer) The article also includes details on the method that personalized medicine is based on. Genetic engineering is the main technique used to create the perfect customized treatment. However, this is not everything there is to it. According to Jeff Balser, the vice chancellor for Health Affairs, personalized medicine isnt just DNA sequencing and knowing what drug to give people. (Snyder) Balser thinks that it takes more than gene sequencing to prescribe the right drugs and dosages, but also the patients personal details. Nonetheless, the entire concept of personalized medicine is centered on the study of the patients genome in order to determine the affected genes and try to treat them with the appropriate dosage of the correct drug. There are multiple medical areas where personalized medicine is proving itself to be of vital importance. Amongst these uses, the most important are definitely the study of the cancerous cells and the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. There are numerous types of tumors that have been studied with implications of personalized medicine, and one of them is prostate cancer. A team of medical experts have worked together to publish a report on the importance of personalized medicine in the surveillance of prostate cancer. According to authors Paolo Gandellini and coauthors Marco Folini and NNadia Zaffaroni, the genetic study upon the microRNAs in the tumor cells is relevant for the efficient treatment of the condition. As it turns out, managing to determine the mutations of the microRNAs and combining those with the results of the biomarkers test have considerably improved the manner in which prostate cancer is treated. (Gandellini) As for the cardiovascular diseases, the study of the genetic variation is valorous because it has managed to prove the etiology of certain conditions such as aortic dissection, atherosclerosis and hypertension. Two specialists in the cardiovascular disease field have conducted a study regarding the development of personalized medicine in patients with diseases of the heart and arteries. According to them, the heritability is a very important risk factor and it can be determined using genetic techniques. Moreover, the studies have discovered that there are rare genetic mutations in most of the patients genomes, which led to a more precise diagnosis and treatment. (ODonnell, Nabel) All in all, the prospect of personalized medicine is extremely promising. This is because by studying the genome of the human at a microscopic level, specialists can discover effective manners in which they can diagnose and treat certain diseases. This is however a method in research, as its actual potential is yet to be discovered. Buy custom Personalized Medicine – a Window to a Better Medical Future essay

Company Sales Management Plan (Hart Hospital Equipment, Inc) Term Paper

Company Sales Management Plan (Hart Hospital Equipment, Inc) - Term Paper Example An appropriate sales management plan helps to increase the productivity of sales force as well as raise the performance of an organization in the market. In this competitive market environment, organizations require to develop a strong sales force structure and appropriate strategies which can ensure success in the form of high revenue. The paper will analyze the sales force of Hart Hospital Equipment, Inc. which deals in selling several medical care equipments. On the basis of assessing the sales strategies of Hart Hospital Equipment, Inc by recognizing its territory alignment, customer segmentation, sales force and account strategy, this paper would recommend about the number of sales representatives and effective sales force structure which can be profitable for the company. Analysis of Hart’s â€Å"Go-to-Market† strategy Go-to-market strategy outlines the actions and the involvement which relate an organization to the customers and the market opportunities. The go-t o-market activities of Hart can be divided into two parts which are: customer attraction activities and channel activities. The customer attraction activities are considered as responsibility of salespersons. However, the salespersons are not involved in the channel activities (Zoltners, Sinha & Zoltners, 2001). The sales strategy of any company can be of two kinds i.e. direct selling and indirect selling. The direct sales force includes those people who are employed by organization on a constant basis for selling products to customers directly. In indirect selling, organizations use salespersons from other companies such as merchants, distributors, agents or hired sales force. There are several substitutes for direct and indirect sales force which comprise of advertising and promotion, exhibitions, direct mail, telesales and e-sales. Hart Hospital Equipment Inc. (HHE) uses the direct sales force for trading their products. It mainly uses the magazine advertisements, direct mail and conventions to reach to the target customer segments. The following diagram will depict the go-to-market activities of HHE: The go-to-market strategy provides a methodology for determining the role of direct sales force for an organization’s business. In case of HHE, their sales force is the major medium for promoting products in the market. Through their sales force, HHE can effectively express the information about products to the customers. The sales force of HHE provides effective service to the customers in order to retain them. Analysis of Hart’s Overall Sales Force The sales force of a company can vary from country to country or industry to industry. The sales force of HHE is divided into three regional areas where it performs the business operations. The following image will describe the overall sales force of HHE: In HHE, there are almost 93 sales representatives and among them almost 87 representatives have geographically determined area which is further div ided into three districts. The sales force of HHE serves the pre-hospital market locally. In the medical equipment industry, the sales force of HHE is quite active. Components of HHE’s Sales Force Every organization which deals in selling products can be observed in terms of three basic components which are sales force investment, sales force activity and company results. The sales force investment is regarded as the amount associated with employing salespersons such as expenses for employing, providing training assistance and arranging meeting among others. For HHE, the company spends almost 13% of their total sales revenue for the sales force which is 2% point less compared to industry average. The sales force activ

Biotechnology legal issues involved in technology transfer and new Assignment

Biotechnology legal issues involved in technology transfer and new venture formation - Assignment Example Another legal issue is the registration of the patents or the transfer of the patents’ ownership with the Office of Intellectual Property in the relevant jurisdiction. Contracts will also have to be drawn up between Bio Vacc Ptty Ltd and RMIT for the vaccine project and between Bio and Protein Solutions and Firefly Australia with respect to their joint ventures. Contracts of employment or simple contracts including confidentiality covenants will also be necessary with respect to the students involved in research. This paper examines the various legal issues involved in the transfer of technologies in the arrangements spearheaded by Bio Vacc with a view to accommodating the interests of the parties and any other relevant stakeholders particularly with reference to the patents involved. This is necessary as the parties to the arrangements are only some of the important stakeholders. Other stakeholders who are not parties to the arrangements may have interests that conflict with the commercial and/or scientific interests of the contracting parties.1 The Consequences of the Spin-off A spin-off is the creation of a new organization which is founded on the resources of the parent company or organization.2 This means that the Bio Vacc is essentially a new and independent organization that originated from RMIT. To put it another way, RMIT is commencing a new venture formation via Bio Vacc. The parent company which is RMIT in this case typically forms the new company which is Bio Vacc in this case, to facilitate technology transfer.3 Four legal issues are involved in this spin-off process. First there is the rights and obligations of the parent organization that transfers the technology (patents). Secondly, there is the stage where the technology transfer can actually start. Thirdly, the rights and obligations of the spin-off company that is attempting to form a new venture out of the technology. Finally there are the rights and obligations of the investor who pr ovides funding.4 The roles of each of the actors are best understood by the definition of spin-offs. To this end, Boehm defines a spin-off as: A new company formed (1) by individuals who were former employees of a parent organization, and (2) which is based on a core technology that is transferred from the parent organization.5 In the context of a university spin-off, Boehm describes the spin-off as a founded by a former member of the faculty, or staff member, or even a student who departs from the university for the purpose of starting an organization or starting a company while â€Å"still affiliated with the university†.6 The university spin-off may also be a â€Å"technology or technology-based idea development within the university†.7 The main legal issues are therefore the limits and extent of the use of new technology for the new venture formed by Bio Vacc. In this case the new technology is the two vaccine patents. A second legal issue is the limits and extent to which university research members will participate in the new venture of Bio Vacc. Bio Vacc is essen